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Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

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Grand Challenges is a family of initiatives fostering innovation to solve key global health and development problems. Each initiative is an experiment in the use of challenges to focus innovation on making an impact. Individual challenges address some of the same problems, but from differing perspectives.

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Hygienic Water-Free Toilet

Parag NemadeInstitute of Chemical TechnologyMumbai, , India
Grand Challenges India
Reinvent the Toilet
10 Dec 2014

This project aims to redefine the receiving material for human waste from water to granular material, thereby completely bypassing the need for water in this process. The project aims to redesign the conventional toilet to use a bed of granular that will ensure that there is no fecal staining of the system, fecal matter is cut-off from vectors, does not contaminate surface waters and that the user is always presented with a fresh, clean and dry surface.

Use of Viral Agents, Microbial Fuel Cell and Effective Recycling Strategy to Improve the Economics of Human Waste Disposal

Bipin NairAmrita UniversityAmritapuri, , India
Grand Challenges India
Reinvent the Toilet
3 Dec 2014

This is a proof-of-concept development for using viral agents to target and kill pathogens and odor-producing bacteria in fecal waste and also develop for ways to integrate this into waste treatment systems. The potential of this project is immense as, once thoroughly tested; it will provide a completely natural alternate to managing pathogens in waste water.

Seeking Synchrony for Immunization, Family Planning and Growth Monitoring

John StanbackFamily Health InternationalDurham, North Carolina, United States
Grand Challenges for Development
Saving Lives at Birth
1 Dec 2014

We propose to work with immunologists and vaccinologists to model the potential outcomes of "synchronized scheduling" to immunization coverage and protection, FP uptake, and growth monitoring success. We will also conduct research with immunization stakeholders in Africa to assess the acceptability of such a change. If both modeling and research are positive, we will hold a technical meeting to reach consensus on whether and how to move forward with a trial to formally assess the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of adjusted immunization schedules. If found to be feasible, acceptable and effective, this transformational new service delivery approach could be scalable at low cost. It is, however, a bold departure from current practice, and will be controversial within an immunization community concerned about stigma and reluctant to tamper with current schedules.

Simprints Biometric System for Health Workers

Daniel StoristeanuSimPrints Technology Ltd.Cambridge, United Kingdom
Grand Challenges for Development
Saving Lives at Birth
1 Dec 2014

The objective of our intervention is to establish SimPrints as a cost-effective technology to deliver services that increase antenatal continuity of care and community health worker (CHW) accountability. In many developing countries patient medical records are paper-based, difficult to access, and prone to loss/damage. Existing mHealth technologies are similarly limited by vulnerabilities in misidentification such as common community names or unknown dates-of-birth. SimPrints obviates these concerns by identifying patients through their unique fingerprints in a portable, cheap and time-efficient manner. This technology additionally provides managers with new tools for verification and GPS mapping that existing mHealth technologies lack.

Development of the Hemafuse Autologous Transfusion Device to Treat Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancies in Sub-Saharan Africa

Katherine KirschSisu Global HealthTroy, Michigan, United States
Grand Challenges for Development
Saving Lives at Birth
1 Dec 2014

Sisu Global Health (previously, DIIME and CentriCycle) is creating a new standard of care for autologous blood transfusion. The Hemafuse is handheld, electricity-independent, locally-affordable tool designed be a safer, faster replacement. The device is syringe-like to manually suction and filter the blood for transfusion in a sterile, closed environment; decreasing risk of clots and of infection and promises to decrease the mortality of women.

PIERS on the Move - Transitioning from Preeclampsia to Pregnancy and Neonatal Care

Peter von DadelszenUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Grand Challenges for Development
Saving Lives at Birth
1 Dec 2014

Using existing information, and gathering vital new information when necessary, we will develop and validate an integrated panel of maternal, fetal and newborn risk stratification tools that incorporate pulse oximetry to supplement the PIERS on the Move (POM) platform, converting the P of PIERS from pre-eclampsia to pregnancy and pediatric. Integrating these models within the PIERS on the Move (POM) app will prepare the way to implement an integrated platform to guide care in women and newborn homes. Thereby, we will alter trajectories of disease that lead to avoidably foreshortened lives.

Empowered Septic Tank as Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System

Srikanth MutnuriGhent UniversityGhent, Belgium
Grand Challenges India
Reinvent the Toilet
27 Nov 2014

Srikanth Mutnuri from BIRAC in India in collaboration with Willy Verstraete from Ghent University in Belgium, will aim to develop a financially affordable and simple-to-operate decentralized wastewater treatment system for a single household as well as for a gated community of 100 people (25 families) that will produce high quality effluent for safe disposal. The waste treatment system relies on electrochemical reactions and the production of chlorine, to manipulate the pH of the wastewater to destroy pathogens and helminthes.

A Novel, Simple Method to Find Inexpensive Drugs for Preeclampsia Treatment

Timothy LyonsQueen's University BelfastBelfast, United Kingdom
Grand Challenges for Development
Saving Lives at Birth
15 Nov 2014

Preeclampsia (PE) is a disease without targeted treatments. We propose a simple strategy to solve this problem: we will establish a cell-based assay to screen clinically-available, mostly generic and inexpensive, drugs that may have a therapeutic effect on PE. To do this, we will utilize new scientific knowledge, showing that anti-angiogenic factors released from the placenta trigger maternal vascular injury essential for the development of PE. The drugs to be screened are chosen as relatively safe to pregnant women based on FDA labels; most of them are already on pharmacy shelves in developing countries, being used for diseases other than PE. Since they have not previously been tested for efficacy in PE, it is very likely that some may have beneficial effects.

On-Site, Fast and Low-Cost Diagnostics of Tuberculosis and HIV for Mothers and Newborns

Jose AyalaUnima Soluciones Naturales S.A.P.I de C.V. (UNIMA)Zapopan, Mexico
Grand Challenges for Development
Saving Lives at Birth
15 Nov 2014

We propose the use of a diagnostic technology for TB and HIV based in the use of a chimeric recombinant antibody obtained from a marine organism and modified by genetic engineering, which when added to a sample of blood from a patient infected by a certain disease will produce a visual reaction in the sample allowing the user to do a simple and fast screening of infected patients. This process does not require any kind of equipment and the user can use the test even without previous training. The use of this technology is aimed to be used at the point of care in communities without access to diagnostic labs where doctors or healthcare personnel will be able to perform these diagnostic tests to mothers and newborns for the control of Tuberculosis and HIV. This tool will improve the chances of both mother and child to be treated on time increasing their chances of recovering.

Simple and Rapid Diagnosis of Preeclampsia

Diana LebronBecton, Dickinson and CompanyResearch Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
Grand Challenges for Development
Saving Lives at Birth
1 Nov 2014

This project aims to develop an early stage detection of preeclampsia that will be based on the Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Homogenous No-Wash (HNW) platform enabling detection of clinically validated biomarkers without pre-processing or washing from a complex sample in a point-of-care setting. Clinical performance will be assessed using non-invasive urine specimens and optimized assay algorithms to improve specificity for interventions recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). SERS HNW is an innovative multiplex, low-cost, point-of-care SERS HNW test for prediction of preeclampsia risk. Most of the WHO ASSURED criteria are met using the Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Homogenous No-Wash (HNW) platform. SERS HNW provides ELISA-like analytical sensitivity, is low-cost (< $1.00 per test), semi-quantitative, requires minimal training, and has the ability to multiplex pathophysiological biomarkers. Multiplex capabilities in the platform provide the potential to detect maternal/antenatal disease beyond preeclampsia.

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