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Grand Challenges is a family of initiatives fostering innovation to solve key global health and development problems. Each initiative is an experiment in the use of challenges to focus innovation on making an impact. Individual challenges address some of the same problems, but from differing perspectives.

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Iron-Dependent Drug Delivery in Anti-Parasitic Chemotherapy

Adam RensloUniversity of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, California, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Infectious Diseases
1 Nov 2010

Adam Renslo of University of California San Francisco in the U.S. will develop a new drug delivery technology that exploits the high ferrous iron concentrations in malaria parasites. If successful, this technology would allow delivery of existing and new therapeutics with increased safety margins and reduced potential for the development of drug resistance.

Intravaginal CuPCS to Prevent Sexual Transmission of HIV

Ashley StyczynskiBoard of Trustees of the University of IllinoisChicago, Illinois, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Infectious Diseases
1 Nov 2010

Ashley Styczynski of the University of Illinois in the U.S. is investigating the use of a copper-based compound as a microbicide to prevent HIV infection through sexual transmission. A ring will be made with the organic molecule CuPCS to maintain the efficacy of the copper anti-HIV properties without disturbing beneficial vaginal bacteria.

Use of a Powerful Phage DNA Packaging Motor to Engineer Nanoparticle DNA Vaccines

Venigalla RaoThe Catholic University of AmericaWashington, District of Columbia, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Infectious Diseases
1 Nov 2010

Venigalla Rao of The Catholic University of America in the U.S. will develop and test a DNA vaccine for HIV that encapsulates multiple HIV envelope genes into bacteriophages that will target antigen presenting dendritic cells. If successful, this could lead to a powerful multivalent DNA vaccine delivery platform against many diseases.

A New Platform for Vaccine Delivery Capable Of Eliciting a Mucosal Immune Response

Daniel SteinUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, Maryland, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Infectious Diseases
1 Nov 2010

Daniel Stein and Phillip DeShong of the University of Maryland in the U.S. will construct and test a vaccine platform that utilizes low-cost, stable surfactant vesicles to deliver antigens for a sustained mucosal immune response. If successful, the platform could be used to develop low-cost vaccines for bacterial infections where carbohydrates form the basis of protective immunity, such as bacterial pneumonia and diarrheal diseases.

A Bacterial Protease Inhibitor is a Mucosal Adjuvant

Juliana CassataroInstituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral, CONICETBuenos Aires, Argentina
Grand Challenges Explorations
Mucosal Immunity
1 May 2010

Juliana Cassataro of the Universidad Nacional de San Martín-CONICET in Argentina will test whether the bacterial protease inhibitor Omp19 can make vaccines more effective when they are administered orally. Oral delivery of vaccines is far simpler than by injection, which is particularly useful in low-resource settings, and it may also stimulate mucosal immunity making them more effective against some diseases. However, most vaccines administered orally are degraded in the stomach or do not induce a sufficient immune response to protect against the disease. In Phase I, while at the Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, they discovered that Omp19 protects antigens from degradation and serves as an adjuvant, contributing to induction of both a mucosal and systemic immune response in mice orally immunized with proteins from the Salmonella bacterium and the Toxoplasma parasite, both of which have mucosal routes of infection. In Phase II, they will extend their mechanistic studies in order to move towards a Phase I clinical trial, and evaluate the ability of Omp19 to help induce an immune response in mice upon oral vaccination against Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), which is the most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in children from developing countries.

Women-Controlled Contraception That Also Prevents HIV

Guiying NiePrince Henry's Institute of Medical ResearchClayton, Victoria, Australia
Grand Challenges Explorations
Contraceptive Technologies
1 May 2010

Guiying Nie of Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research in Australia will test whether a peptide inhibitor that has been shown to inhibit protein processing critical to HIV transmission can also be used to prevent embryo implantation in the uterus. If successful, the peptide could be used as a non-hormonal contraceptive delivered as a vaginal application, which also protects against HIV.

A Novel Method for Controlling Fertility and STD

Robert AitkenUniversity of NewcastleCallaghan, New South Wales, Australia
Grand Challenges Explorations
Contraceptive Technologies
1 May 2010

John Aitken of the University of Newcastle in Australia will study the mechanisms by which organic compounds called quinones may provide simultaneous protection against pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease. Aitken will test the capability of quinones to react to enzymes in semen and not only immobilize sperm, but also disrupt the infective nature of pathogenic microbes found in STD infections such as Chlamydia

A Toxin-Binding Probiotic for Prevention Of ETEC Diarrhea

Adrienne PatonUniversity of AdelaideAdelaide, South Australia, Australia
Grand Challenges Explorations
Infectious Diseases
1 May 2010

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) cause diarrhea by producing two distinct enterotoxins that attack intestinal cells. Adrienne Paton and colleagues at the University of Adelaide in Australia propose to develop a harmless probiotic bacterium capable of binding and neutralizing both these enterotoxins by mimicking their respective receptors, thereby preventing disease.

Improve Mucosal Immune Responses to Oral Typhoid Vaccine

Firdausi QadriInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, BangladeshDhaka, Bangladesh
Grand Challenges Explorations
Infectious Diseases
1 May 2010

Firdausi Qadri of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR,B) in Bangladesh proposes that the presence of parasites in the guts of people who receive enteric vaccines diminishes the resulting immune response. Qadri hopes that by providing children with antihelminthic and anti-giardiasis drugs prior to administration of an oral typhoid vaccine, a robust immune response can be mounted.

Bacteriophage Lambda Mucosal Vaccine Delivery System

Sylvia van den HurkUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Grand Challenges Explorations
Mucosal Immunity
1 May 2010

Sylvia van den Hurk and Sidney Hayes of the University of Saskatchewan in Canada proposes that bacteriophage lambda, a virus that invades bacterial cells and uses the host's genome to replicate, can be used as a vector to deliver DNA vaccines into targeted cells. Van den Hurk will test this lambda delivery platform its ability to induce long-term systemic and mucosal immune responses.

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