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Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

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Grand Challenges is a family of initiatives fostering innovation to solve key global health and development problems. Each initiative is an experiment in the use of challenges to focus innovation on making an impact. Individual challenges address some of the same problems, but from differing perspectives.

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Engineering Immunity Against HIV and Other Dangerous Pathogens

David BaltimoreCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadena, California, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Curing Chronic Infection
1 Jul 2005

Dr. Baltimore’s team is exploring a new way of stimulating the immune system to fight infectious diseases, focusing on HIV. The premise of this project is that for some infections, including HIV, the immune system’s natural responses are inherently inadequate, and the traditional approach of using vaccines to stimulate and boost these responses is likely to be ineffective. As an alternative, Dr. Baltimore and his colleagues propose to "engineer immunity," that is, use genetic engineering methods to produce immune cells that will make specific antibodies to fight off infection. Baltimore (Grand Challenges in Global Health: 2005-2015 retrospective)

Immunological Strategies for Curing Chronic Hepatitis Virus Infections

Rafi AhmedEmory UniversityAtlanta, Georgia, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Curing Chronic Infection
1 Jul 2005

People infected with many serious illnesses, including tuberculosis and hepatitis C, may show no symptoms of disease for long periods of time. These inactive, or "latent," infections, however, can develop into active disease without warning, and also can be passed on to others. New approaches that focus on controlling or stimulating the immune system to cure latent infections or prevent them from causing disease have the potential to significantly reduce illness, death, and disease transmission. Dr. Ahmed and his team are working to create safe and effective immunological therapies for chronic hepatitis C infection and other viral infections such as HIV by developing methods to reactivate “exhausted” immune cells that are thought be unable to clear the infection.

Novel Therapeutic Vaccines for Acute and Persistent Papollomavirus Infections

Robert GarceaUniversity of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Curing Chronic Infection
1 Jul 2005

Each year, about a half-million women, 80 percent of them living in low-income countries, develop cancer of the cervix. The disease kills 250,000 women annually, and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women living in less developed countries. Nearly all cases of cervical cancer are caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), the most common viral infection of the reproductive tract. Dr. Garcea's team is working to develop an inexpensive therapeutic vaccine against HPV that will not only protect people from developing new infections, but could potentially trigger an immune system response to cure those who are already infected.

Population Health Metrics Research Consortium Project

Christopher MurrayPresident and Fellows of Harvard College & University of WashingtonSeattle, Washington, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Population Health Status
1 Jul 2005

In the developing world, major gaps in methods and technologies to measure health status make it difficult to address inequities in health through changes in policy. Dr. Murray is leading an international team of investigators that is working to develop new technologies and methods for assessing health status in the developing world. Combining epidemiology, biomedical research, and population health assessment, the team hopes to produce new measurement tools that are science-based, standardized, and applicable to different resource-poor settings.

A Point-of-Care Diagnostic System for the Developing World

Paul YagerUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, Washington, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Point-of-Care Diagnostics
1 Jul 2005

In the developing world, lack of convenient and accurate tools that can detect and diagnose diseases and other health problems means that many health risks remain undetected or receive inappropriate treatment. Dr. Yager's team, in collaboration with research groups from private industry as well as the nonprofit sector, is working to develop a low­-cost, easy-­to-­use device that will rapidly test blood for a range of health problems prevalent in developing countries, such as bacterial infections, nutritional status, and HIV­-related illnesses.

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