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Grand Challenges is a family of initiatives fostering innovation to solve key global health and development problems. Each initiative is an experiment in the use of challenges to focus innovation on making an impact. Individual challenges address some of the same problems, but from differing perspectives.

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"Lego" like Sanitation System: Pit Latrines Made of Biocomposites

Antonio AvilaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Grand Challenges Explorations
Sanitation Technologies
15 Apr 2011

Antonio Avila of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais in Brazil proposes to develop building blocks made from biocomposites that will replace conventional brick and cement constructions for pit latrines. The team will test these building blocks strength and their rate of biodegradation to determine their suitability for building latrines that will decompose once the pits are filled, allowing for the eventual reintroduction of the land for farming and other community uses.

A Birth Control for Nuanced Control

Hope NeighborCamber CollectiveSeattle, Washington, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Family Planning
14 Jun 2017

Hope Neighbor of Camber Collective in the U.S. will use applied behavioral research to better understand how and why young, sexually active women who are approaching marriage in West Africa make decisions on family planning products. Women appear to regulate their fertility differently based on their specific situation and needs. Young women who are not yet married tend to use unsafe or ineffective practices such as herbal remedies and abortion. They will recruit women in this group to fill out journals to generate evidence on the nature of their fertility planning needs and identify specific attributes of contraceptives that would fit better into their daily lives. They will also develop hypothetical prototype contraceptives by involving the participants in a card game to identify ways of modifying existing contraceptives, such as enabling over-the-counter availability, and key attributes for future contraceptives that better suit their needs.

A Demand-Driven Supply Chain Technology Demonstrator

Sara GrobbelaarStellenbosch UniversityStellenbosch, South Africa
Grand Challenges Explorations
Health Supply Chains
1 Nov 2017

Sara Grobbelaar of Stellenbosch University in South Africa will develop a platform that can analyze existing real-time data on the stocks of health products at clinics across South Africa and present it to all players in the supply chain to ensure products are available when needed. In partnership with a Northern academic institution they will collect and sort relevant data, analyze trends, and develop decision-making tools. The platform will allow analysis, modeling, and forecasting in the health product supply chain so that unexpected changes such as supply disruptions or epidemics can be accommodated.

A Device to Treat Post Partum Hemorrhage

Glenna BettUniversity at BuffaloBuffalo, New York, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Mothers and Newborns
18 Apr 2011

Glenna Bett of SUNY University at Buffalo in the U.S. proposes to develop a device to treat postpartum hemorrhage suitable for use even when medical facilities are absent or minimal, and in non-sterile environments. If successful, this has the potential to reduce perinatal deaths worldwide.

A Household Yeast Biosensor for Cholera

Virginia CornishColumbia UniversityNew York, New York, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Synthetic Biology
6 Oct 2011

Virginia Cornish and Nili Ostrov at Columbia University in the U.S. propose to engineer baker's yeast to produce the red tomato pigment lycopene when exposed to the cholera pathogen in drinking water. This safe and simple sensor could be inexpensively manufactured and highly effective for household monitoring of cholera in water by communities at risk for infection.

A Human Endogenous Retrovirus Vaccine to Eliminate Latent HIV

Mario OstrowskiUniversity of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
Grand Challenges Explorations
HIV Infection
29 Sep 2011

Mario Ostrowski of the University of Toronto in Canada will test the theory that alterations of host cells by HIV might also activate human endogenous retroviruses in the same cells. Ostrowski will express antigens of an endogenous retrovirus to study whether they might also mark HIV infected cells, providing a basis for the development of a new HIV vaccine.

A Low-Cost Decentralized Sanitary System

Bin FanResearch Center for Eco-environmental Sciences (RCEES), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); and Chinese Committee for SCOPE (Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment)Beijing, China
Grand Challenges Explorations
Sanitation Technologies
31 Mar 2011

Bin Fan of the Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences in China seeks to develop a decentralized sanitation system which uses a low-cost waterless, vacuum system to collect excrement and kitchen waste. The combined waste can then be processed into organic fertilizer.

A Marketplace App for Connected Pathology Services in Africa

Jacob McKnightUniversity of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
Grand Challenges Explorations
Diagnostics Systems
1 Nov 2017

Jacob McKnight and Mike Wilson of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom will develop a simple application that contains information about the quality, location, and the nature and cost of services provided by the different pathology laboratories in Kenya so that doctors and patients can choose the one that best suits their needs. They will conduct surveys to collect key information on the pathology laboratories in the Nairobi area, and consult with doctors and medical associations to find out how they use those laboratory services and what needs to be improved. They will build the application using these data and in collaboration with users. Ultimately, the system should also help to improve the overall quality of services.

A Method to Generate Bacteriophages Targeting Enterobacteria

Mark van RaaijConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)Madrid, Spain
Grand Challenges Explorations
Synthetic Biology
3 Oct 2011

Mark van Raaij of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) at the National Center for Biotechnology in Spain will work to build a library of engineered bacteriophages that can recognize, infect, and kill a range of enterobacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli.

A New Method for Handling Dysfunctional Labor

Eva Wiberg-ItzelKarolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
Grand Challenges Explorations
Mothers and Newborns
19 Apr 2011

Eva Wiberg-Itzel of the Karolinska Institute in Sweden proposes to develop an easy and informative test which measures the concentration of lactate in the amniotic fluid of laboring women to help obstetricians and midwifes predict labor outcomes. Measuring lactate levels can give care providers an early indication of whether interventions are needed to reduce maternal and infant mortality in developing countries.

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