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Grand Challenges is a family of initiatives fostering innovation to solve key global health and development problems. Each initiative is an experiment in the use of challenges to focus innovation on making an impact. Individual challenges address some of the same problems, but from differing perspectives.

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Bacteriophage-Based LAMP for Pathogen Detection

Héctor MorbidoniUniversidad Nacional de RosarioRosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
Grand Challenges Explorations
Synthetic Biology
30 Sep 2011

Héctor Morbidoni of the Universidad Nacional de Rosario in Argentina proposes to develop a biosensor to detect bacterial pathogens using modified bacteriophages and an isothermal DNA amplification process. Commercial scale manufacturing of the biosensor should be possible due to the simplicity of their components.

Behavioral Change and WASH are Essential for Control of NTD

Zvi BentwichBen-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-Sheva, Israel
Grand Challenges Explorations
Community-Based Interventions
22 Oct 2014

Zvi Bentwich of Ben Gurion University in Israel will support mass drug eradication efforts against parasitic worm infections in Ethiopia by implementing in parallel a health education campaign run by local students and the provision of clean water and sanitation facilities. They will test their approach on a region in Ethiopia containing 30 schools, which is connected to a wider population of 200,000. Families will be treated with anti-parasitic drugs, and they will mentor local students to provide health education explaining the causes and symptoms of the diseases, and how to avoid contracting them. They will also provide water and latrines to schools. The effect of their approach on infection rates will be evaluated over an 18-month period.

BEMPU: The Newborn Temperature Monitoring Band

Ratul NarainBEMPU TechnologiesBengaluru, Karnataka, India
Grand Challenges Explorations
Behavior Change
28 Oct 2014

Ratul Narain of BEMPU Technologies Private Ltd. in India will develop and test a temperature monitoring baby bracelet to reduce the incidence of hypothermia in newborns. Newborns are unable to regulate their body temperature, and low temperatures can lead to life-debilitating illnesses. Skin-to-skin warming (kangaroo care) can maintain a healthy body temperature, but is not commonly practiced in resource-poor regions in India, where newborn hypothermia rates are high. To address this, they will further develop an inexpensive and simple bracelet to be worn by babies during the first two months of life that sounds an alarm when the baby's temperature gets too low to prompt the parent to respond. Sensitivity and specificity will be optimized, and the bracelet evaluated in field trials.

Bioelectricity Generation from Domestic Waste

Caitlyn ButlerUniversity of MassachusettsWorcester, Massachusetts, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Sanitation Technologies
7 Oct 2011

Caitlyn Butler, Mark Henderson and Brad Rogers of Arizona State University in the U.S. will adapt pit latrines to harvest organic substrates and nitrogen compounds in human waste using microbial fuel cells, which will transform the biochemical energy into carbon-neutral electricity.

Biogas Generator Powered by Self-Sustaining Mixing Mechanism

Tim CanterFrontier Environmental TechnologyRolla, Missouri, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Sanitation Technologies
29 Sep 2011

Tim Canter of Frontier Environmental Technology in the U.S. proposes to develop a biogas generator that employs a unique self-sustaining mixing mechanism to effectively treat concentrated wastewater and produce biogas without extra energy or trained personnel.

Biologic Contraceptive

Rachel TeitelbaumHervana, Ltd.Beit Shemesh, Israel
Grand Challenges Explorations
Contraceptive Technologies
1 May 2010

Rachel Teitelbaum of Hervana, Ltd. in Israel will develop and test a biological vaginal formulation that produces a sperm-binding agent, which interferes with sperm motility or fertilization or both. It is hoped that this non-hormonal contraceptive will need only infrequent administration to maintain its effectiveness. In this project's Phase I research, Teitelbaum developed a lead formulation and demonstrated initial proof-of-principle that such an approach can provide effective contraception. In Phase II, Teitelbaum and her team will expand upon this proof-of-principle in animal models to arrive at a long-acting, safe, and effective contraceptive that is ready for evaluation in human trials.

Biological Control For Sandflies Using Free-Living Fungi

Peter NgureDaystar UniversityNairobi, Kenya
Grand Challenges Explorations
Infectious Diseases
23 Apr 2010

Peter Ngure of Daystar University in Kenya seeks to develop a biological control for sandflies using fungi found in the local soil in Kenya. These entomopathogenic fungi, which attach like parasites onto adult insects and larvae and kill them, will be harvested and cultured to isolate virulent strains that can eradicate sandflies, which are responsible for the spread of visceral leishmaniasis.

Biological Control of Mosquitoes with Bti-Engineered Algae

David HerrinThe University of Texas at AustinAustin, Texas, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Infectious Diseases
1 Nov 2010

David Herrin and colleagues at the University of Texas propose to develop a green-algal food source for mosquito larvae into a biological control agent by engineering their chloroplasts to produce larvacidal proteins. The chloroplast genome has significant advantages for genetic modification, including stability and containment.

Biomarker and Transcriptome Analysis of the HIV Reservoir

Linos VandekerckhoveGhent University HospitalGhent, Belgium
Grand Challenges Explorations
HIV Infection
15 Apr 2011

Linos Vandekerckhove of the University Hospital Ghent in Belgium proposes to analyze biomarkers and mRNA transcripts to discover well-defined biomarkers that can be used to assess the extent of the latent HIV reservoir in patients with an undetectable viral load.

Blocking the P. falciparum Transporter PfCRT

Christine HrycynaPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Infectious Diseases
1 May 2010

Christine Hrycyna and Jean Chmielewski of Purdue University in the U.S. will develop novel dimeric drugs designed to block a key protein in the malaria parasite that limits the accumulation of anti-malarials in the parasite's digestive system. By inhibiting this protein, this new therapy could eliminate drug resistance in malaria parasites.

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