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Grand Challenges is a family of initiatives fostering innovation to solve key global health and development problems. Each initiative is an experiment in the use of challenges to focus innovation on making an impact. Individual challenges address some of the same problems, but from differing perspectives.

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"Lego" like Sanitation System: Pit Latrines Made of Biocomposites

Antonio AvilaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Grand Challenges Explorations
Sanitation Technologies
15 Apr 2011

Antonio Avila of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais in Brazil proposes to develop building blocks made from biocomposites that will replace conventional brick and cement constructions for pit latrines. The team will test these building blocks strength and their rate of biodegradation to determine their suitability for building latrines that will decompose once the pits are filled, allowing for the eventual reintroduction of the land for farming and other community uses.

A "Smart Diaphragm" for the Early Detection of Preterm Labor

Larry RandUniversity of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, California, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Mothers and Newborns
18 Apr 2011

Larry Rand and colleagues at the University of California, San Francisco in the U.S. will develop a vaginal diaphragm to detect changes in cervical collagen and wirelessly alert health providers before preterm labor begins. This device would identify a new pre-labor "window" during which intervention could reduce mortality and disability resulting from preterm birth among at-risk pregnant women. In Phase I, they designed an easy to use and low-cost device incorporating electrical impedance detection circuitry and fiber optic cable to accurately measure collagen concentration in the cervix of pregnant women over time. Prototypes were built for clinical tests to evaluate the capacity for identifying pregnant women at risk of preterm birth, as well as comfort and acceptability. In Phase II they will optimize the device to make it more robust and user-friendly and expand clinical testing to rural settings in South Africa. They will also develop phone-to-cloud technology for wirelessly collecting the measurements from the device through a mobile phone to a server (cloud) for analysis, and to enable return of the prognosis.

A Bacterial Protease Inhibitor is a Mucosal Adjuvant

Juliana CassataroInstituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral, CONICETBuenos Aires, Argentina
Grand Challenges Explorations
Mucosal Immunity
1 May 2010

Juliana Cassataro of the Universidad Nacional de San Martín-CONICET in Argentina will test whether the bacterial protease inhibitor Omp19 can make vaccines more effective when they are administered orally. Oral delivery of vaccines is far simpler than by injection, which is particularly useful in low-resource settings, and it may also stimulate mucosal immunity making them more effective against some diseases. However, most vaccines administered orally are degraded in the stomach or do not induce a sufficient immune response to protect against the disease. In Phase I, while at the Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, they discovered that Omp19 protects antigens from degradation and serves as an adjuvant, contributing to induction of both a mucosal and systemic immune response in mice orally immunized with proteins from the Salmonella bacterium and the Toxoplasma parasite, both of which have mucosal routes of infection. In Phase II, they will extend their mechanistic studies in order to move towards a Phase I clinical trial, and evaluate the ability of Omp19 to help induce an immune response in mice upon oral vaccination against Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), which is the most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in children from developing countries.

A Device to Treat Post Partum Hemorrhage

Glenna BettUniversity at BuffaloBuffalo, New York, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Mothers and Newborns
18 Apr 2011

Glenna Bett of SUNY University at Buffalo in the U.S. proposes to develop a device to treat postpartum hemorrhage suitable for use even when medical facilities are absent or minimal, and in non-sterile environments. If successful, this has the potential to reduce perinatal deaths worldwide.

A Disposable SIM Card Biosensor for Rapid Malaria Detection

Peter LillehojUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, California, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Cell Phone Applications
1 Nov 2010

Peter Lillehoj and Chih-Ming Ho of the University of California, Los Angeles in the US. will develop a disposable malaria biosensor based on a SIM card platform. This SIM card-biosensor will allow malaria detection to be performed using a cell phone, making diagnostic testing more widely available in rural and decentralized settings.

A Household Yeast Biosensor for Cholera

Virginia CornishColumbia UniversityNew York, New York, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Synthetic Biology
6 Oct 2011

Virginia Cornish and Nili Ostrov at Columbia University in the U.S. propose to engineer baker's yeast to produce the red tomato pigment lycopene when exposed to the cholera pathogen in drinking water. This safe and simple sensor could be inexpensively manufactured and highly effective for household monitoring of cholera in water by communities at risk for infection.

A Human Endogenous Retrovirus Vaccine to Eliminate Latent HIV

Mario OstrowskiUniversity of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
Grand Challenges Explorations
HIV Infection
29 Sep 2011

Mario Ostrowski of the University of Toronto in Canada will test the theory that alterations of host cells by HIV might also activate human endogenous retroviruses in the same cells. Ostrowski will express antigens of an endogenous retrovirus to study whether they might also mark HIV infected cells, providing a basis for the development of a new HIV vaccine.

A Low-Cost Decentralized Sanitary System

Bin FanResearch Center for Eco-environmental Sciences (RCEES), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); and Chinese Committee for SCOPE (Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment)Beijing, China
Grand Challenges Explorations
Sanitation Technologies
31 Mar 2011

Bin Fan of the Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences in China seeks to develop a decentralized sanitation system which uses a low-cost waterless, vacuum system to collect excrement and kitchen waste. The combined waste can then be processed into organic fertilizer.

A Low-Cost, Rapid, and Sensitive Malaria Diagnostic Tool

Sang-Yeon ChoNew Mexico State UniversityLas Cruces, New Mexico, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Diagnostics
1 May 2010

Sang-Yeon Cho and Immo Hansen of New Mexico State University in the U.S. seeks to develop a malaria test that measures antibody-antigen reactions through a nanohole to indicate the presence of malaria parasites.

A Method to Generate Bacteriophages Targeting Enterobacteria

Mark van RaaijConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)Madrid, Spain
Grand Challenges Explorations
Synthetic Biology
3 Oct 2011

Mark van Raaij of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) at the National Center for Biotechnology in Spain will work to build a library of engineered bacteriophages that can recognize, infect, and kill a range of enterobacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli.

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