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Grand Challenges is a family of initiatives fostering innovation to solve key global health and development problems. Each initiative is an experiment in the use of challenges to focus innovation on making an impact. Individual challenges address some of the same problems, but from differing perspectives.

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Overcoming a Strategic Roadblocks to Idealized Sanitation

Duvon McGuireNew Life International, Inc.Underwood, Indiana, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Sanitation Technologies
8 Oct 2011

Duvon McGuire of New Life International, Inc. in the U.S. will develop a low-pressure air compressor and air pump that can be used with simple, inexpensive small- scale windmill technologies to power waste water treatment systems in developing countries.

Energy Recovery & Waste Treatment with Floating Biodigesters

Robert HughesLive & Learn Environmental EducationPhnom Penh, Cambodia
Grand Challenges Explorations
Sanitation Technologies
7 Oct 2011

Rob Hughes and colleagues at Live & Learn Environmental Education in Cambodia will develop and test floating biodigesters for use by floating communities to treat human waste and convert it to fertilizer and gas for light and cooking. These biodigesters would provide sanitation options and economic opportunities for communities that live on water.

Cell Phone-Based Iris Recognition Biometric Technology

Eldin Wee Chuan LimNational University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
Grand Challenges Explorations
Cell Phone Applications
7 Oct 2011

Eldin Wee Chuan Lim of the National University of Singapore will work to develop a cell phone application that converts cell phone camera images of irises into a mathematical algorithm that can be used to identify individuals in health care settings. This program could be used to administer and track immunization programs in developing countries.

Programmable Genetic Memory in Bacteroides: Diagnosis of Diarrheal Disease

Christopher VoigtMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Synthetic Biology
7 Oct 2011

Christopher Voigt of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the U.S., along with collaborators Michael Fischbach of the University of California San Francisco and Justin Sonnenburg of Stanford, will engineer a strain of a common bacterial inhabitant of the human gut to contain genetic sensors that can report biomarkers for intestinal disorders in a stool sample.

A Probiotic-Based Oral Synthetic Vaccine Delivery System

Daniel GonzálezUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan Antonio, Texas, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Synthetic Biology
7 Oct 2011

Daniel González of the University of Texas at San Antonio in the U.S. will work to engineer a probiotic yeast into a strain that can deliver antigens directly to the intestinal mucosal immune system. This yeast strain could be developed into an oral vaccine delivery vehicle that can accommodate a wide variety vaccine candidates.

Bioelectricity Generation from Domestic Waste

Caitlyn ButlerUniversity of MassachusettsWorcester, Massachusetts, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Sanitation Technologies
7 Oct 2011

Caitlyn Butler, Mark Henderson and Brad Rogers of Arizona State University in the U.S. will adapt pit latrines to harvest organic substrates and nitrogen compounds in human waste using microbial fuel cells, which will transform the biochemical energy into carbon-neutral electricity.

Unraveling the HIV-1 Latency Transcriptome

Alberto BosqueUniversity of UtahSalt Lake City, Utah, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
HIV Infection
7 Oct 2011

Alberto Bosque of the University of Utah in the U.S. will use high-throughput transcriptome analysis to identify and characterize unique biomarkers expressed on latent HIV infected memory cells in an effort to design new therapeutic strategies to eradicate HIV infection.

Models of Embryonic Histiotrophic Nutrition in Organogenesis

Craig HarrisUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Nutrition
7 Oct 2011

Craig Harris of the University of Michigan in the U.S. will develop 3-dimensional embryo culture models to study how maternal diets and environmental factors affect embryonic growth when organ tissues are being developed. Understanding this process could inform ways to reduce disruptions to the fetal development process that might affect growth, disease susceptibility and behavior later in life.

Pathogenic Exposures and Stunting in South Asia

Kerry SchulzeJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Nutrition
7 Oct 2011

Kerry Schulze and colleagues at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in the U.S., working with the JiVitA Project in Bangladesh, will study urine and blood samples from an established cohort of two-year old children in Bangladesh to assess whether non-nutritional factors such as aflatoxin exposure, chronic inflammation, and compromised gut integrity cause the deceleration of growth exhibited by many children in that country by 24 months of age.

Aflatoxin as a Cause of Stunting at Birth

John GroopmanJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Nutrition
7 Oct 2011

John Groopman of Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in the U.S. will test the hypothesis that exposure during pregnancy to aflatoxin, a toxin produced by mold that widely contaminates staple grains and nuts in hot, humid environments, can lead to stunted fetal growth. Groopman will assess levels of biomarkers related to aflatoxin exposure in serum samples and compare them to maternal and infant data to determine if aflatoxin contributes to smaller birth size.

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