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Grand Challenges is a family of initiatives fostering innovation to solve key global health and development problems. Each initiative is an experiment in the use of challenges to focus innovation on making an impact. Individual challenges address some of the same problems, but from differing perspectives.

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Zero-Power Chemical Sensors for Pests and Disease Monitoring

Matteo RinaldiNortheastern UniversityBoston, Massachusetts, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Crop Disease Surveillance
1 Nov 2018

Matteo Rinaldi of Northeastern University in the U.S. will develop a miniaturized, maintenance-free chemical sensor that can detect specific volatile organic chemical vapors released from diseased crops as an effective surveillance system suitable for low-resource settings. Manual surveillance is time-consuming and requires prior knowledge of disease symptoms. Automated, sensor-based crop surveillance is far more effective, but relatively expensive, and the sensors constantly consume power, making them unsuitable for low-resource settings. They will develop a low-energy sensor-based monitoring system by exploiting a recently developed technology that comprises a micromechanical switch made of two cantilever beams. One of the beams will be coated with a polymer sensitive to the plant-based chemical and exposed to the environment. In the presence of that chemical, the beam undergoes a change in mechanical stress, causing it to bend and make contact with the second beam to trigger the switch. They will develop the microswitch-based chemical sensors, integrate them with a low-power long-range wireless module to signal pest detection, and test the performance of prototypes in the laboratory.

Young Protectors: Mapping, Communicating, and Intervening to Reduce Disease Risk in Low-Income Communities

Hussein KhalilFederal University of Bahia (UFBA)Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Brazil
Grand Challenges
Global Citizenship
1 Nov 2018

Hussein Khalil of the Federal University of Bahia in Brazil will provide young people in urban slums with knowledge and tools to identify elements that promote the spread of diseases by rats and mosquitos such as dengue and Zika virus infection, and engage their communities to help combat those diseases. They will recruit 40 young residents from two urban slums to test their approach. The youth will be taught to map rat- and mosquito-infested areas and identify possible causes, such as poor waste disposal, by photographing their environments, and to use tools to track rat movements and insect breeding. They will also use gamification methods to stimulate learning and promote collaborations between the youth and adult residents to identify the most effective interventions. Once simple solutions have been identified, the youth will help to implement them in their community and produce and share progress reports using online and offline tools.

Young Adult Fiction and Technology to Create a Global Citizenship Process

Anna Gabriella CasalmeNovellySouth Gate, California, United States
Grand Challenges
Global Citizenship
1 Nov 2018

Anna Casalme of Novelly in the U.S. will develop a mobile phone application that combines young adult fiction about social issues with learning tasks and international discussion forums to encourage young people to become global citizens and spark their interest in issues such as gender equality and health. Building on their existing program, they will design and develop the application with specific features, add one novel, and pilot test it, before refining the design and opening it to the public. After three months, they will evaluate their approach by collecting user data such as number of users, their reading progress, and participation in discussion groups.

Women-Controlled Contraception That Also Prevents HIV

Guiying NiePrince Henry's Institute of Medical ResearchClayton, Victoria, Australia
Grand Challenges Explorations
Contraceptive Technologies
1 May 2010

Guiying Nie of Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research in Australia will test whether a peptide inhibitor that has been shown to inhibit protein processing critical to HIV transmission can also be used to prevent embryo implantation in the uterus. If successful, the peptide could be used as a non-hormonal contraceptive delivered as a vaginal application, which also protects against HIV.

Vitamin A-Secreting Probiotics to Activate Mucosal Immunity

Douglas WatsonSRI InternationalMenlo Park, California, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Mucosal Immunity
1 May 2010

Douglas Watson and colleagues of SRI International will engineer probiotic bacteria that produce Vitamin A to test the hypothesis that these bacteria will stimulate healthy immunity in the GI tract and reduce the impact of diarrheal diseases.

Viral Self-Destruct Sequences: A Novel Vaccine Technology

David JansMonash UniversityClayton, Victoria, Australia
Grand Challenges Explorations
Infectious Diseases
12 Apr 2010

Gregory Moseley, Stephen Rawlinson and David Jans at Monash University in Australia will engineer a live virus with a self-destruct sequence for use in a vaccine. This virus would be identical to a wild-type virus, but contain destabilizing domains fused to key proteins that can be regulated to first allow the virus to replicate and induce an immune response, and then be destroyed.

Versatile Pathogen Detection via Color Change In Body Fluids

Gilbert PaceyMiami UniversityOxford, Ohio, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Diagnostics
1 May 2010

Gilbert Pacey of Miami University in the U.S. will develop a novel diagnostic platform to capture biomarkers in nanoholes. The goal is to produce a simple diagnostic device that reads non-invasive samples and requires no reagents or additional equipment.

Validation of an Onsite, Easy-to-Use Chlorine Generator (SE Flow) for Infection Prevention and Control in Labor Wards

Chelsea SchillerProgram for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH)Seattle, Washington, United States
Grand Challenges for Development
Saving Lives at Birth
1 Mar 2018

Validation of an onsite, easy-to-use chlorine generator (SE Flow) for infection prevention and control in labor wards

Validation of an Innovative Newborn Respiratory Package of Equipment and Training

Thomas BurkeProgram for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH)Seattle, Washington, United States
Grand Challenges for Development
Saving Lives at Birth
1 Mar 2018

Validation of an innovative newborn respiratory package of equipment and training

Validation of a Point-of-Care Bilirubin Measurement to Diagnose Neonatal Jaundice and Monitor Phototherapy in Hospitals in Sub-Saharan Africa

Rebecca Richards-KortumRice UniversityHouston, Texas, United States
Grand Challenges for Development
Saving Lives at Birth
1 Mar 2018

Validation of a POC Bilirubin Measurement to Diagnose Neonatal Jaundice and Monitor Phototherapy in Hospitals in Sub-Saharan Africa

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