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Grand Challenges is a family of initiatives fostering innovation to solve key global health and development problems. Each initiative is an experiment in the use of challenges to focus innovation on making an impact. Individual challenges address some of the same problems, but from differing perspectives.

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Primaquine Revisited – Safety and Efficacy of PQ Isomers

Larry WalkerUniversity of MississippiUniversity, Mississippi, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Malaria Eradication
1 May 2009

Larry Walker of the University of Mississippi in the U.S. will test an innovative approach to mitigate the toxicity of primaquine, a promising and powerful malaria drug. Walker will separate the drug into two components, called isomers, to see if a single form retains the ability to eliminate the malaria parasite in its latent liver stages and the mature gametocytes while reducing toxic side effects.

Novel Class of Long-Range Olfactory Repellents for Anopheles

Anandasankar RayUniversity of California, RiversideRiverside, California, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Malaria Eradication
1 May 2009

CO2 present in exhaled air is used by Anopheles mosquitoes to find their human hosts. Anandasankar Ray of University of California-Riverside plans to identify odors that inhibit the mosquito's CO2- sensitive olfactory neurons, and design long-distance repellents that block the ability of mosquitoes to detect humans and protect large areas.

Targeting TRP Channel Heat Receptors to Disrupt An. gambiae Host Seeking

Guirong WangVanderbilt UniversityNashville, Tennessee, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Malaria Eradication
1 May 2009

Guirong Wang and colleagues at Vanderbilt University in the U.S. have recently identified key sensory heat receptors used by mosquitoes to target hosts. Wang will use these proteins as molecular targets to develop insect repellents and masking agents that block or hyper-stimulate these receptors and reduce the ability of the vectors to find hosts and spread disease.

Using Bacteria to Contain the Spread of Malaria

Marcelo Jacobs-LorenaJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Malaria Eradication
1 May 2009

Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena, of the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health in the U.S. proposes to modify bacteria that naturally inhabit the mosquito midgut to secrete proteins that interfere with the development of the malaria parasite in the mosquito that is necessary for malaria transmission.

Mosquitocidal Immunity in Cattle to Augment Zooprophylaxis

Jefferson VaughanUniversity of North DakotaGrand Forks, North Dakota, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Malaria Eradication
1 May 2009

Jefferson Vaughan of the University of North Dakota will seek to augment zooprophylaxis, the practice of using livestock to divert mosquito blood feeding away from humans, by developing an anti-mosquito vaccine for cattle that kill the insect before they bite humans.

Mis-Expression of Liver-Specific miRNAs to Eradicate Malaria

Jen-Tsan ChiDuke UniversityDurham, North Carolina, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Malaria Eradication
1 May 2009

When malaria parasites infect different human cells, including liver and red blood cells, it is thought that microRNAs are important developmental cues that facilitate specific events in the parasite life cycle. Jen-Tsan Chi of Duke Medical Center in the U.S. will test whether expressing liver-specific microRNAs within red blood cells will trick the parasite into undergoing liver-stage development, leading to its death.

Taste-guided Behavior in Mosquitoes Helps Eradicate Malaria

Paul BreslinMonell Chemical Senses CenterPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Malaria Eradication
1 May 2009

Little is known about the role taste plays in the mosquito feeding process. Paul Breslin of the Monell Chemical Sense Center in the U.S. will test the sensitivity of the mosquito taste system to human skin compounds in an effort to identify key compounds that cue the insects to accept or reject blood meals from humans.

Giving Malaria Mosquitoes a "Head Cold" to Stop Odor-Driven Feeding on Humans

Thomas BakerPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, Pennsylvania, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Malaria Eradication
1 May 2009

Thomas Baker, Matt Thomas and Andrew Read of Pennsylvania State University in the U.S. will infect malaria mosquitoes with an insect-specific fungus to determine if the infected mosquitoes' sense of smell is suppressed and their ability to find human hosts and transmit malaria is reduced.

Novel Malaria Vaccine Targets Linked to Cellular Import

Kasturi HaldarUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame, Indiana, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Vaccines
1 May 2009

Kasturi Haldar of the University of Notre Dame in the U.S. will rapidly screen malaria parasite genes that are essential for invasion and growth in human red blood cells. Characterizing these proteins may reveal novel vaccine targets for blood stage infection.

Development of a Glycan Vaccine for Tuberculosis

Carlos Rivera-MarreroEmory UniversityAtlanta, Georgia, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Vaccines
1 May 2009

Glycans are an important component of surface molecules in tuberculosis but their role in protective immunity is still largely unexplored. Carlos Rivera-Marrero and Richard D. Cumming of Emory University in the U.S. will develop high-throughput glycan microarrays to identify glycan antigens, determine their chemical structure, and design glycan-peptide vaccines for future testing.

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