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Grand Challenges is a family of initiatives fostering innovation to solve key global health and development problems. Each initiative is an experiment in the use of challenges to focus innovation on making an impact. Individual challenges address some of the same problems, but from differing perspectives.

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Create a Foursquare for Development

Vijay ModiColumbia UniversityNew York, New York, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Data Systems
15 Oct 2013

Vijay Modi and colleagues of Columbia University in the U.S. will create a universal database to centralize the mapping of social infrastructures, such as schools, clinics, and water points, to improve data accuracy and help to better coordinate aid efforts. Currently, data collection of physical points occurs across multiple platforms, and is inefficient and difficult to update. They will build and host a web service providing a simple database that is easy to access and edit to promote widespread adoption and thereby sharing and integration of important datasets.

Deconstructing Barriers to Uptake of Labor Saving Devices

James PimunduSend a Cow RwandaKigali, Rwanda
Grand Challenges Explorations
Women Farmers
4 Oct 2013

James Pimundu and team from Send a Cow Rwanda in Rwanda will test whether educating men and women in Rwanda on gender barriers and social behavior issues stimulates them to use energy-saving stoves for cooking. Although affordable energy-saving stoves are available, they are not widely adopted, possibly because women have limited access to money and lack the power to make decisions. They will train both men and women to inform them of gender barriers in order to reduce inequality. By promoting better technology uptake in this way they aim to substantially reduce the time and labor costs of collecting firewood, as well as empowering the women to take control of other important family issues such as health and child care.

Delivery of New Drugs Into Parasitic Nematodes

Stephen MillerUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcester, Massachusetts, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Neglected Tropical Diseases
10 Apr 2013

Stephen Miller and colleagues at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in the U.S. will identify and characterize molecular features that can easily penetrate Roundworms (nematodes), which commonly infect humans and can cause disability and death. Current treatment options are limited and toxic, and are losing efficacy due to the development of resistance mechanisms that can prevent the drug from entering the worm. Once molecular features that enhance entry are identified, they will be tested for their ability to promote delivery of a drug they have developed, which is predicted to inhibit the nematode's nervous system, as a potentially effective new treatment.

Design and Prototype Development of a Low-Cost, Smart Pill Dispenser for Continuous Monitoring of TB

Lazar MathewDevi Electronics LLPCoimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Grand Challenges India
Tuberculosis Treatment
25 Sep 2014

Lazar Mathew and team are working on a smart pill box that tracks exactly the time through radio frequency identification (RFID) of the dose coupled with SMS trigger systems. The pill box can dispense blister packs rather than tablets, and incorporates a timer which can only be programmed by the medicine provider. Medication cannot be taken out before or after certain times, preventing double dosage. SMS reminders will be sent to family members as well. Monitoring of up to 90 dosages will be possible with a table-top dispenser.

Designing an Agricultural Implement Microfranchise for Women

Patrice MartinIDEO.orgSan Francisco, California, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Women Farmers
17 Apr 2013

Patrice Martin of IDEO.org in the U.S. and Devi Prasad Rao from the Arohana Seva Foundation in India will design and prototype a microfranchise system to rent small and mid-sized time-saving agricultural implements for Indian women smallholder farmers to improve their productivity and incomes. The system will be tailored to meet the unique needs of women smallholder farmers, and incorporate financing, training, and equipment maintenance. They will purchase and develop crop- specific prototype kits, including selected equipment and training materials, and lease them to local entrepreneurs who will be trained and supported to launch the microfranchise to rent out the kits.

Designing for Female Ergonomic and Cultural Appropriateness

William KisaalitaUniversity of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc.Athens, Georgia, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Women Farmers
2 Oct 2013

William Kisaalita of the University of Georgia in the U.S. will redesign a milk churner to make it suitable for women in order to reduce the time and labor needed to make ghee. In many sub-Saharan countries, the morning milk harvested from cattle can be sold in markets, but the milk harvested in the evening needs to be processed into longer-lasting products such as ghee to prevent it from perishing. The current method for churning milk to make ghee is time and labor intensive. He will recruit women in Uganda to test and refine the milk churner design, which is cheap and can be locally manufactured and repaired, to make it more ergonomic and culturally appropriate for women users and thereby promote its widespread adoption.

Detection, Vaccination and Control of Brucellosis

John McGivenAnimal Health and Veterinary Laboratories AgencyAddlestone, United Kingdom
Grand Challenges Explorations
Human and Animal Health
24 Oct 2013

John McGiven of the Animal Health Veterinary Laboratories Agency in the United Kingdom, along with David Bundle of the University of Alberta in Canada, will evaluate a glycoconjugate vaccine for brucellosis that is safe, stable, inexpensive, and efficacious. Complementary diagnostics will allow for the differentiation of vaccinated and infected subjects and assist in the control of this insidious zoonotic disease. They will test both the vaccine and the diagnostic in a standardized mouse model.

Determinants of Preterm Birth Associated with Bacterial Trafficking from the Lower Genital Tract

David EschenbachUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, Washington, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Preventing Preterm Birth
1 Jul 2013

David Eschenbach and his team from the University of Washington in the U.S. will determine the effect of disturbances in the vaginal microbiome on preterm birth. Their research will investigate how specific vaginal bacterial infections and changes in the female reproductive tract are associated with preterm birth. The long-term goal is to identify new ways for early identification and treatment of women at risk of preterm birth and develop a point-of-care diagnostic test appropriate for low-resource settings, which would function much like a home pregnancy test, indicating an elevated risk of premature birth.

Determining Gestational Age Using Genome Methylation Profile

Yuval GielchinskyHadassah Medical OrganizationJerusalem, Israel
Grand Challenges Explorations
Brain Function/Gestational Age
14 Oct 2014

Yuval Gielchinsky of Hadassah Medical Center in Israel will develop a non-invasive approach for determining gestational age by analyzing DNA methylation profiles in cells from umbilical cord blood. Accurate gestational age is critical for monitoring and promoting the healthy development of newborns. Current gestational age dating approaches require expensive equipment and trained users, or are relatively inaccurate. Previous work has linked gestational age with epigenetic states such as the patterns of methylation along DNA. They will use two different approaches to measure DNA methylation in 40 newborns, and test which one can most accurately determine gestational age.

Determining Perceptions of Smallholder Women Farmers

Louiza DunckerCouncil for Scientific and Industrial ResearchPretoria, South Africa
Grand Challenges Explorations
Women Farmers
23 Oct 2013

Louiza Duncker of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in South Africa will evaluate the perception of labor by women smallholder farmers in South Africa and their need of labor-saving efforts, in order to guide the development of an effective labor-saving practice or device. Current labor-saving efforts are often driven by supply, without a full understanding of the needs of the users. They will identify measurable variables, such as time, to generate questionnaires to capture more broadly the perception of labor in a study group of smallholder farmers in three diverse regions of South Africa. They will also determine the farmers' needs for and knowledge and perception of labor-saving, and use this to identify an appropriate tool or practice. The results could be used to develop guidelines for wider application of their approach.

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