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Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

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Grand Challenges is a family of initiatives fostering innovation to solve key global health and development problems. Each initiative is an experiment in the use of challenges to focus innovation on making an impact. Individual challenges address some of the same problems, but from differing perspectives.

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Algae for the Effective and Economical Treatment of Waste

Natalie CooksonQuantitative BioSciencesEncinitas, California, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Sanitation Technologies
1 May 2011

Natalie Cookson and colleagues at Quantitative BioSciences in the U.S. are developing an algae-based waste treatment system targeted for third-world applications. Cyanobacteria will treat a community's waste and produce two forms of renewable energy: nutrient-rich fertilizer to enhance agriculture and biomethane to power the facility and neighboring community.

Aligning Data Across Incompatible Geographical Units

H.V. JagadishUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Data Systems
15 Oct 2013

H.V. Jagadish of the University of Michigan in the U.S. will take disparate datasets on diverse topics, including education, health, and the environment, which are often reported using different geographical units such as Zip Code or County, and realign them to a common unit so they can be better compared and used. Jagadish will develop four general techniques for aligning data partitions and apply them to existing datasets in one state in the U.S. so that they can be viewed according to different geographical units. Jagadish will also produce an interface so that policy analysts and NGOs can easily access and query these data, and collect feedback to improve the approach.

Alleviating Human and Animal African Sleeping Sickness

Paul DysonSwansea UniversitySwansea, United Kingdom
Grand Challenges Explorations
Human and Animal Health
14 Oct 2013

Paul Dyson of Swansea University in the United Kingdom will work to control the incidence of sleeping sickness in humans, which is caused by the Trypanosome parasite transmitted by tsetse flies, by genetically modifying a fly gut bacterium to deliver double-stranded (ds) RNAs to block two important parasite proteins. Trypanosomes mature in the flies, thereby gaining the capacity to infect mammals. He will engineer the bacteria and introduce them into tsetse flies, then test the capacity of the dsRNAs to inhibit their target proteins in trypanosomes. This approach could lead to long-term control of this disease as the bacteria are maternally transmitted to the offspring.

Alternative Delivery of Human Milk Proteins to Infants

Qiang ChenArizona State UniversityTempe, Arizona, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Nutrition
5 Oct 2011

Qiang Chen of Arizona State University in the U.S. proposes to engineer edible plants, such as lettuce and rice, to express beneficial proteins found in human milk. The protein bodies in these plants allow for the stable, high accumulation of these human milk proteins, and the plants can either be eaten directly by infants or formulated into baby food to provide essential nutrients and antibacterial benefits.

Ambient Stable X-aptamer Affinity Agents

Ross DurlandAM Biotechnologies, LLCHouston, Texas, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Point-of-Care Diagnostics
15 Jun 2011

Ross Durland and colleagues at AM Biotechnologies, LLC in the U.S. propose to develop X-­aptamers for detecting and quantifying protein biomarkers for neglected diseases. X­-aptamers are modified nucleic acids that tightly bind to specific targets and remain stable at high temperature and humidity. AM Biotech will enhance its process for rapidly identifying X-­aptamers that will be integrated into a point­-of-­care platform for diagnosing many diseases.

Amphistome Flukes to Control Schistosomes in African Snails

Eric LokerUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerque, New Mexico, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Neglected Tropical Diseases
9 Oct 2013

Eric Loker of the University of New Mexico in the U.S., along with colleagues from KEMRI in Kenya, will test whether parasitic flatworms known as amphistome flukes can eradicate the human parasite Schistosoma with the goal of helping prevent human infections. These two types of worms co-inhabit the same snail species. The investigators will harvest large quantities of amphistome eggs from the rumens of routinely slaughtered goats and cattle, and use temperature and light to induce miracidia (larva) to hatch in the laboratory. These will then be tested for their ability to infect schistosome-transmitting snails and to block or prevent schistosome infections in these snails. This low-tech, low-cost approach is more environmentally friendly than current chemical approaches, and its application to transmission sites can be easily halted once infection rates are under control.

An Analytical Tool to Transform Genomic Approaches to Nagana

Andrew JacksonUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpool, United Kingdom
Grand Challenges Explorations
Human and Animal Health
11 Oct 2013

Andrew Jackson of the University of Liverpool in the United Kingdom will develop a diagnostic tool for Animal African Trypanosomiasis (Nagana), which is caused by unicellular parasites known as trypanosomes and threatens up to 50 million cattle in sub-Saharan countries. To avoid immune detection, the causative trypanosomes change their DNA sequences (genomes), particularly in genes encoding for cell surface glycoproteins, which also affects the symptoms the parasites cause. They will sequence these trypanosome genes from forty parasites spanning diverse countries and hosts to quantify their variation. By associating the variation with disease factors, such as virulence and severity, this profile of variation can be developed as a diagnostic marker to improve disease management and treatment.

An Artificial Intelligence System to Strengthen Antimicrobial Prescription in a Children's Hospital: SMART-EP

Marcelo PillonettoPontifícia Universidade Católica do ParanáCuritiba, Paraná, Brazil
Grand Challenges Brazil
Drug Resistance Burden
1 Nov 2018

The idea is to develop an artificial intelligence model capable of simultaneously analyzing data from the Laboratory Information System and from the Hospital Information System. This technology aims to enable the delivery to hospital physicians of a ranked list of antimicrobials that are more suitable to treat infection by multi-resistant microorganism with a focus on newborn and young children.

An Automated Drug Screening Platform for Helminths

Floriano SilvaFiocruzRio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Grand Challenges Explorations
Neglected Tropical Diseases
11 Oct 2013

Floriano Silva of Fiocruz in Brazil will develop a drug screening assay using automated microscopy to test new drug candidates for toxicity towards adult helminth parasites, which cause a range of diseases. Current screening approaches cannot easily identify drugs that specifically target adult parasites, which is the most disease-relevant life cycle stage. He will develop and validate imaging and computational methods to automatically monitor physical characteristics of the parasites, and perform proof-of-principle drug screens using an FDA approved and an annotated compound library. This approach could be expanded to other parasites and used for screening larger drug libraries to identify new classes of drugs.

An EEG System to Measure Fetal Brain Development

Yan ZhuInstitute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
Grand Challenges Explorations
Brain Function/Gestational Age
9 Oct 2014

Yan Zhu of the University of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in China will build a system based on electroencephalography to monitor the activity of the fetal brain in utero. Due to technical and practical limitations, current methods for measuring brain activity are limited to newborns. However, analyzing development of the fetal brain would reveal new insight into very early stages of neurodevelopment, and could lead to improved treatments for certain disorders. They will adapt electroencephalography, which measures electrical activity in the brain, to detect the weaker signals of the fetal brain via multiple electrodes on the mother's abdomen, and build analysis software that can differentiate these signals from background noise. Once the prototype has been built, they will test it on humans to further refine the design.

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