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Grand Challenges is a family of initiatives fostering innovation to solve key global health and development problems. Each initiative is an experiment in the use of challenges to focus innovation on making an impact. Individual challenges address some of the same problems, but from differing perspectives.

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Activation of Latent HIV by Cyclic Analogues of Tat

Russell PoulterUniversity of OtagoDunedin, New Zealand
Grand Challenges Explorations
HIV Infection
10 Oct 2011

Russell Poulter of the University of Otago in New Zealand will use a microbial biosynthesis platform to develop cyclic analogues of the viral protein Tat, which is major regulator of HIV transcription, and test their ability to activate latent HIV. The reactivated HIV would be susceptible to retroviral therapies enabling comprehensive killing of HIV infected cells.

Adapting Cell Phone Technology for the Diagnosis of Malaria

Michael BarrettUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow, United Kingdom
Grand Challenges Explorations
Cell Phone Applications
11 Apr 2011

Mike Barrett, Jon Cooper and Lisa Ranford-Cartwright of the University of Glasgow in the United Kingdom will test the ability of a key component in mobile phones to separate out red blood cells infected with malaria parasites in a blood sample. If successful, such devices could be mass produced for rapid and accurate malaria diagnosis.

Addressing the Fourth Delay: Improving Community-Based Accountability for Maternal and Neonatal Health

Julia SongokMoi University School of MedicineEldoret, Kenya
Grand Challenges for Development
Saving Lives at Birth
14 Dec 2011

We seek to address a critical fourth delay that sustains high rates of maternal and neonatal mortality in western Kenya: the delay in a community's accountability to its mothers and infants. We will develop an innovative information technology that fosters rapid communication and feedback between mothers, their communities, and their healthcare providers: The Mother-Baby Health Network. This information platform will accomplish three primary objectives: (1) Facilitate home and group-based care through Community Health Workers (CHWs) to improve collective advocacy; (2) Provide communities with the capabilities to activate an emergency alert system; and (3) Foster transparency in community and health system responsiveness to maternal and newborn health. CHWs will be equipped to use clinical decision-support on Android phones to correctly triage women and newborns for care. Integrated with SMS messaging, they will be capable of notifying healthcare providers, alerting nearby GPS-tracked Mother-Baby Taxis in an emergency transport system, and activating a personalized community of Mother-Baby Advocates to mobilize local resources.

Adenoviral HIV Vaccine Vector with CMV-Like Immunogenicity

Matt CottinghamJenner InstituteOxford, United Kingdom
Grand Challenges Explorations
Synthetic Biology
11 Nov 2011

Matt Cottingham of The Jenner Institute at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom will work to engineer an adenovirus vaccine vector that includes HIV antigens as well as the immune evasion genes of cytomegalovirus (CMV). Such a vector could be used in an HIV vaccine to elicit the strong immune response typical of a CMV-vectored vaccine, but without the typical safety issues that accompany the use of CMV in vaccines.

Aerial Plant Disease Surveillance by Spectral Signatures

Pierluigi BonelloOhio State UniversityColumbus, Ohio, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Crop Disease Surveillance
1 Nov 2018

Pierluigi Bonello of Ohio State University in the U.S. will develop a surveillance system for crops using unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) to position sensors to help diagnose plant diseases in low-income countries. Plant diseases are usually identified first by the farmers or human scouts and then confirmed by laboratory testing. This process is inefficient and requires resources often unavailable in low-income countries, calling for alternative approaches. It is known that when a plant becomes infected, it produces specific chemicals. In addition, functional chemical groups in biological samples are known to vibrate in predictable ways after absorbing light. They will test whether this information can be exploited for the rapid and widespread detection of two plant diseases, rice blast and maize dwarf mosaic, by vibrational spectroscopy that could be positioned inside crop canopies by drones. Rice and maize grown in greenhouses and fields in the U.S. will be infected, and they will develop statistical methods to evaluate whether handheld spectrometers can distinguish between infected and uninfected plants. This technology could ultimately allow crop managers to control the spread of a disease even before plants show visual symptoms.

Aflatoxin as a Cause of Stunting at Birth

John GroopmanJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Nutrition
7 Oct 2011

John Groopman of Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in the U.S. will test the hypothesis that exposure during pregnancy to aflatoxin, a toxin produced by mold that widely contaminates staple grains and nuts in hot, humid environments, can lead to stunted fetal growth. Groopman will assess levels of biomarkers related to aflatoxin exposure in serum samples and compare them to maternal and infant data to determine if aflatoxin contributes to smaller birth size.

Algae for the Effective and Economical Treatment of Waste

Natalie CooksonQuantitative BioSciencesEncinitas, California, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Sanitation Technologies
1 May 2011

Natalie Cookson and colleagues at Quantitative BioSciences in the U.S. are developing an algae-based waste treatment system targeted for third-world applications. Cyanobacteria will treat a community's waste and produce two forms of renewable energy: nutrient-rich fertilizer to enhance agriculture and biomethane to power the facility and neighboring community.

Aligning Data Across Incompatible Geographical Units

H.V. JagadishUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Data Systems
15 Oct 2013

H.V. Jagadish of the University of Michigan in the U.S. will take disparate datasets on diverse topics, including education, health, and the environment, which are often reported using different geographical units such as Zip Code or County, and realign them to a common unit so they can be better compared and used. Jagadish will develop four general techniques for aligning data partitions and apply them to existing datasets in one state in the U.S. so that they can be viewed according to different geographical units. Jagadish will also produce an interface so that policy analysts and NGOs can easily access and query these data, and collect feedback to improve the approach.

Alleviating Human and Animal African Sleeping Sickness

Paul DysonSwansea UniversitySwansea, United Kingdom
Grand Challenges Explorations
Human and Animal Health
14 Oct 2013

Paul Dyson of Swansea University in the United Kingdom will work to control the incidence of sleeping sickness in humans, which is caused by the Trypanosome parasite transmitted by tsetse flies, by genetically modifying a fly gut bacterium to deliver double-stranded (ds) RNAs to block two important parasite proteins. Trypanosomes mature in the flies, thereby gaining the capacity to infect mammals. He will engineer the bacteria and introduce them into tsetse flies, then test the capacity of the dsRNAs to inhibit their target proteins in trypanosomes. This approach could lead to long-term control of this disease as the bacteria are maternally transmitted to the offspring.

Alternative Delivery of Human Milk Proteins to Infants

Qiang ChenArizona State UniversityTempe, Arizona, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Nutrition
5 Oct 2011

Qiang Chen of Arizona State University in the U.S. proposes to engineer edible plants, such as lettuce and rice, to express beneficial proteins found in human milk. The protein bodies in these plants allow for the stable, high accumulation of these human milk proteins, and the plants can either be eaten directly by infants or formulated into baby food to provide essential nutrients and antibacterial benefits.

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