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Grand Challenges is a family of initiatives fostering innovation to solve key global health and development problems. Each initiative is an experiment in the use of challenges to focus innovation on making an impact. Individual challenges address some of the same problems, but from differing perspectives.

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Women-Controlled Contraception That Also Prevents HIV

Guiying NiePrince Henry's Institute of Medical ResearchClayton, Victoria, Australia
Grand Challenges Explorations
Contraceptive Technologies
1 May 2010

Guiying Nie of Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research in Australia will test whether a peptide inhibitor that has been shown to inhibit protein processing critical to HIV transmission can also be used to prevent embryo implantation in the uterus. If successful, the peptide could be used as a non-hormonal contraceptive delivered as a vaginal application, which also protects against HIV.

What is the Role of MicroRNA in the Transition from Latent to Activated Tuberculosis?

Qian GaoFudan UniversityShanghai, China
Grand Challenges Explorations
Tuberculosis Latency
1 Oct 2008

With evidence that microRNA can interfere with host immune response, Qian Gao of Fudan University in China will compare microRNA expression profiles of those with active and latent TB to detect which genes which have significant differences in expression.

Vitamin A-Secreting Probiotics to Activate Mucosal Immunity

Douglas WatsonSRI InternationalMenlo Park, California, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Mucosal Immunity
1 May 2010

Douglas Watson and colleagues of SRI International will engineer probiotic bacteria that produce Vitamin A to test the hypothesis that these bacteria will stimulate healthy immunity in the GI tract and reduce the impact of diarrheal diseases.

Viral Self-Destruct Sequences: A Novel Vaccine Technology

David JansMonash UniversityClayton, Victoria, Australia
Grand Challenges Explorations
Infectious Diseases
12 Apr 2010

Gregory Moseley, Stephen Rawlinson and David Jans at Monash University in Australia will engineer a live virus with a self-destruct sequence for use in a vaccine. This virus would be identical to a wild-type virus, but contain destabilizing domains fused to key proteins that can be regulated to first allow the virus to replicate and induce an immune response, and then be destroyed.

Versatile Pathogen Detection via Color Change In Body Fluids

Gilbert PaceyMiami UniversityOxford, Ohio, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Diagnostics
1 May 2010

Gilbert Pacey of Miami University in the U.S. will develop a novel diagnostic platform to capture biomarkers in nanoholes. The goal is to produce a simple diagnostic device that reads non-invasive samples and requires no reagents or additional equipment.

Vaccine Cytokine Trap Technology to Induce Immunity

Charani RanasingheThe Australian National UniversityActon, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Grand Challenges Explorations
Mucosal Immunity
13 Apr 2010

Charani Ranasinghe of The Australian National University will test a new vaccine technology that modulates a host cytokine response to HIV vaccines. If successful, this “cytokine trap” technology may also enhance T-cell mediated immunity to other vaccine antigens, such as Tuberculosis.

VACAS: Vaccinating Adjuvant Core Antigen Shell Nanoparticles

François BaneyxUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, Washington, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Infectious Diseases
1 Oct 2008

François Baneyx of the University of Washington in the U.S. will synthesize nanoparticles consisting of an inorganic adjuvant core surrounded by a three-dimensional antigen shell. The particles will target lymph node dendritic cells that play a key role in initiating immune responses to infectious diseases.

Using TBK1, a Novel Molecule Which Controls the Adjuvancticity of DNA Vaccines, to Improve DNA Vaccine Immunogencity against Malaria

Cevayir CobanOsaka UniversityOsaka, Japan
Grand Challenges Explorations
Infectious Diseases
1 Oct 2008

DNA vaccines, which can elicit killer T-cell response, have thus far failed to elicit reliable, strong immune response in humans. Cevayir Coban of Osaka University in Japan will use newly identified intracellular signaling molecules as components of DNA vaccines against malaria.

Use of Mobile Phones for Improvement of MNCH Care

Terry FerrariWorld VisionFederal Way, Washington, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Cell Phone Applications
1 Nov 2010

Terry Ferrari of World Vision will field test in central Mozambique two mobile phone modules that prompt community health workers caring for pregnant women and newborns to assess, to take action, and to refer care in cases of complications and emergencies. Data gathered from this study will help refine the modules and inform plans to scale up the program to other districts.

Use of Microwave Frequency as Treatment for Malaria

Carmenza SpadaforaInstitute of Advanced Scientific Investigations and High Technology Services Secretariat for Science and TechnologyPanama City, Panama
Grand Challenges Explorations
Drug Resistance
1 Oct 2008

Carmenza Spadafora of Panama's Institute of Advanced Scientific Investigations and High Technology Services and José A. Stoute of Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine in the U.S. investigated whether malaria can be treated by microwave irradiation, an idea based on the unique electromagnetic properties of hemozoin, a metabolite formed by Plasmodium parasites in infected red blood cells. This project's Phase I research demonstrated that malaria parasites inside red blood cells are sensitive to low doses of microwaves that do not harm uninfected red blood cells. The Phase II grant (awarded to Dr. Stoute) will allow them to extend their results from the Phase I grant (awarded to Dr. Spadafora) by validating parasite killing effects in a mouse model of malaria and exploring the mechanism by which microwaves induce parasite death.

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