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Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

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Grand Challenges is a family of initiatives fostering innovation to solve key global health and development problems. Each initiative is an experiment in the use of challenges to focus innovation on making an impact. Individual challenges address some of the same problems, but from differing perspectives.

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Women-Controlled Contraception That Also Prevents HIV

Guiying NiePrince Henry's Institute of Medical ResearchClayton, Victoria, Australia
Grand Challenges Explorations
Contraceptive Technologies
1 May 2010

Guiying Nie of Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research in Australia will test whether a peptide inhibitor that has been shown to inhibit protein processing critical to HIV transmission can also be used to prevent embryo implantation in the uterus. If successful, the peptide could be used as a non-hormonal contraceptive delivered as a vaginal application, which also protects against HIV.

Vitamin A-Secreting Probiotics to Activate Mucosal Immunity

Douglas WatsonSRI InternationalMenlo Park, California, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Mucosal Immunity
1 May 2010

Douglas Watson and colleagues of SRI International will engineer probiotic bacteria that produce Vitamin A to test the hypothesis that these bacteria will stimulate healthy immunity in the GI tract and reduce the impact of diarrheal diseases.

Viral Self-Destruct Sequences: A Novel Vaccine Technology

David JansMonash UniversityClayton, Victoria, Australia
Grand Challenges Explorations
Infectious Diseases
12 Apr 2010

Gregory Moseley, Stephen Rawlinson and David Jans at Monash University in Australia will engineer a live virus with a self-destruct sequence for use in a vaccine. This virus would be identical to a wild-type virus, but contain destabilizing domains fused to key proteins that can be regulated to first allow the virus to replicate and induce an immune response, and then be destroyed.

Versatile Pathogen Detection via Color Change In Body Fluids

Gilbert PaceyMiami UniversityOxford, Ohio, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Diagnostics
1 May 2010

Gilbert Pacey of Miami University in the U.S. will develop a novel diagnostic platform to capture biomarkers in nanoholes. The goal is to produce a simple diagnostic device that reads non-invasive samples and requires no reagents or additional equipment.

Vaccine Cytokine Trap Technology to Induce Immunity

Charani RanasingheThe Australian National UniversityActon, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Grand Challenges Explorations
Mucosal Immunity
13 Apr 2010

Charani Ranasinghe of The Australian National University will test a new vaccine technology that modulates a host cytokine response to HIV vaccines. If successful, this “cytokine trap” technology may also enhance T-cell mediated immunity to other vaccine antigens, such as Tuberculosis.

Use of Mobile Phones for Improvement of MNCH Care

Terry FerrariWorld VisionFederal Way, Washington, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Cell Phone Applications
1 Nov 2010

Terry Ferrari of World Vision will field test in central Mozambique two mobile phone modules that prompt community health workers caring for pregnant women and newborns to assess, to take action, and to refer care in cases of complications and emergencies. Data gathered from this study will help refine the modules and inform plans to scale up the program to other districts.

Use of Fusobacterium nucleatum as a Vaccine Vector

Youngnim ChoiSeoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
Grand Challenges Explorations
Mucosal Immunity
1 May 2010

Youngnim Choi of Seoul National University in the Republic of Korea will test whether Fusobacterium nucleatum, a common bacteria often found in human mouths, can be used to deliver antigens to the oral mucosa. This bacteria has the ability to invade epithelial tissues, and Choi hopes to engineer a strain to express a vaccine antigen when given under the tongue to induce both antibody production and a strong cell-mediated immune response.

Use of a Powerful Phage DNA Packaging Motor to Engineer Nanoparticle DNA Vaccines

Venigalla RaoThe Catholic University of AmericaWashington, District of Columbia, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Infectious Diseases
1 Nov 2010

Venigalla Rao of The Catholic University of America in the U.S. will develop and test a DNA vaccine for HIV that encapsulates multiple HIV envelope genes into bacteriophages that will target antigen presenting dendritic cells. If successful, this could lead to a powerful multivalent DNA vaccine delivery platform against many diseases.

Unleashing Protein Disaggregases to Prevent HIV Infection

James ShorterUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Infectious Diseases
22 Apr 2010

James Shorter of The University of Pennsylvania in the U.S. will engineer enzymes that disassemble protein fibrils found in semen, which are known to allow for the transmission of HIV infection. The ability to reverse fibril formation could block sexual transmission of HIV and provide a new weapon against the global HIV/AIDS pandemic.

Ultrasound as a Long-Term, Reversible Male Contraceptive

James TsurutaUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
Grand Challenges Explorations
Contraceptive Technologies
1 May 2010

James Tsuruta and Paul Dayton of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill will study the ability of therapeutic ultrasound to deplete testicular sperm counts. Characterizing the most beneficial timing and dosage could lead to the development of a low-cost, non-hormonal and reversible method of contraception for men.

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