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Grand Challenges is a family of initiatives fostering innovation to solve key global health and development problems. Each initiative is an experiment in the use of challenges to focus innovation on making an impact. Individual challenges address some of the same problems, but from differing perspectives.

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Novel Sensor and Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Malaria Using Human Breath

Stephen TrowellCSIROCanberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Grand Challenges
Global Health Interventions
10 Feb 2016

Stephen Trowell from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in Australia will develop a highly sensitive low-cost and low-invasive diagnostic test for malaria that detects volatile chemicals in exhaled breath. Malaria is one of the most severe infectious diseases affecting hundreds of millions of people per year. Although several diagnostic tests are available they are relatively complex and expensive suffer from limited sensitivity and all require a sample of blood. To overcome these limitations they have developed a test that can detect malaria based on a signature of volatile chemicals (thioethers) released in the breath of patients with so-called controlled human malaria infection. They will now determine whether their signature has diagnostic value also in clinical settings in three distinct genetic and ecological environments namely children at risk of malaria in Malawi and at-risk adults in Bangladesh and in Malaysia by measuring the levels of thioethers in the breath. Finally they will assess the predictive power of their signature for breath diagnosis of malaria in patients in eastern Sudan.

Empowering Girls for Improved Health and Wellbeing in Two National Regions in Swaziland

Cebile Manzini-HenwoodSwaziland Action Group Against Abuse (SWAGAA)Manzini, Swaziland
Grand Challenges
Women and Girls
17 Feb 2016

Cebile Manzini-Henwood of SWAGAA will partner with Together for Girls and Population Council to adapt the 'The Girl Roster' tool, which has been used effectively in diverse settings to identify the most vulnerable girls within a community, and to test and implement several innovative approaches to working with girls in Swaziland. For nearly a decade, SWAGAA has worked with Crossroads International to implement Girls' Empowerment Clubs in schools to help improve gender equality by strengthening girls' social assets and self-efficacy related to sexual behavior, violence and HIV. This grant will allow SWAGAA to strengthen this work by identifying and involving the most vulnerable girls within and outside of schools, to begin working with boys to engage them with gender equality and transformative social norms, and by establishing health and multisectoral referral networks that help girls to overcome common barriers to accessing post violence and sexual and reproductive health services. Ultimately, the project will generate evidence on reaching and working with girls who are often excluded from development interventions to enhance their empowerment, safety and well-being.

Population-Based Indicators of Early Child Development

Susan WalkerUniversity of the West IndiesKingston, Jamaica
Grand Challenges
All Children Thriving
29 Feb 2016

Non-Invasive Tuberculosis Diagnosis

Gerard CangelosiUniversity of Washington Foundation, Global WACHSeattle, Washington, United States
Grand Challenges
Global Health Interventions
9 Mar 2016

Gerard Cangelosi and colleagues at the UW Foundation in the U.S. will develop an oral swabbing method as a lower-cost safe and simple way to diagnose tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a major global health threat and prompt diagnosis and treatment are critical for reducing spread. Currently a diagnosis is made by testing sputum from deep in the lungs produced by coughing. This can be difficult to collect and produce particularly for children and hazardous for health care workers. They previously found that DNA from the causative Mycobacterium tuberculosis accumulates on oral epithelial cells in infected adults and can be detected by non-invasively swabbing the mouth followed by quantitative PCR analysis. They will improve the sensitivity of this method in adults by testing different swabbing materials and protocols using around 175 suspected tuberculosis-positive patients in a clinic in South Africa. If successful they will test whether their method can also be used to diagnose tuberculosis in children.

Evaluating the Feasibility and Acceptability of Implementing New Pregnancy Dating and Fetal Growth Standards in Peri-Urban Nairobi

Nick PearsonJacaranda HealthNairobi, Kenya
Grand Challenges
All Children Thriving
25 Apr 2016

Saving Lives with Better Gestational Age Estimation: Improving the Accuracy of Recall and Reporting of the Date of Last Menstrual Period (LMP) in Rural Bangladesh

Shumona Sharmin SalamInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, BangladeshDhaka, Bangladesh
Grand Challenges
All Children Thriving
4 May 2016

Introduction of Menstrual Tracking Calendar (MTC) into the Existing Health Programs of Bangladesh to Improve Maternal and Child Health

Bidhan Krishna SarkerInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, BangladeshDhaka, Bangladesh
Grand Challenges
All Children Thriving
4 May 2016

Meconium: A New Indicator of Noninvasively Evaluating the Accumulated Status of Neonatal Nutrition in the Intrauterine Environment

Xiangbo XuNational Research Institute for Family PlanningBeijing, China
Grand Challenges
All Children Thriving
22 Jun 2016

First Girls' Education Life Skills Evaluation in a Developing Country Context

Randeep KaurRoom to Read India TrustNew Delhi, , India
Grand Challenges
Women and Girls
29 Jun 2016

Randeep Kaur from Room to Read in India will evaluate a program that teaches life skills, provides mentoring, and establishes community support to ensure girls complete secondary school education and can build healthier lives for themselves and their families. Life skills such as self-confidence and relationship building have recently been shown to boost adult economic outcome. Their Girls' Education Program will be tested in a randomized control trial with over 100 schools in Rajasthan, India, where there is a high incidence of child labor and relatively few girls enroll in school. They will evaluate its impact on academic output and development of life skills after one and two-years. They will also investigate how women who have previously participated in the program perceive its longer-term effects on their lives.

Plan-It Girls: Empowerment, Employability and Entrepreneurship for Older Adolescent Girls in India

Priya NandaInternational Center for Research on WomenWashington, District of Columbia, United States
Grand Challenges
Women and Girls
12 Jul 2016

Priya Nanda of the International Center for Research on Women in the U.S. will help young women in India secure decent employment and raise healthy families by giving adolescent girls access to relevant skills, resources, and connections, and engaging schoolboys and male community members to promote gender equality. They will recruit teachers to implement a specialized curriculum in schools, and connect with local businesses to create pathways to employment. Providing women with access to work should improve family health and income as well as promote economic growth and development.

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