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Grand Challenges is a family of initiatives fostering innovation to solve key global health and development problems. Each initiative is an experiment in the use of challenges to focus innovation on making an impact. Individual challenges address some of the same problems, but from differing perspectives.

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Makesense Daily: Your Personalized Engagement Journey to Solve the SDGs You Care About

Alizée Lozac'hmeurMakesenseParis, France
Grand Challenges
Global Citizenship
1 Nov 2018

Alizée Lozac'hmeur of Makesense in Paris will develop online mobile and web applications and provide opportunities to engage with experts and funders as part of a tailor-made approach to help young people learn about and solve the health and social issues that matter to them. They will integrate their digital platform, where participants can register their details and issue of interest, with a project database and events calendar to promote collaborations. Users will receive inspiration and advice and be informed of relevant opportunities by frequent emails or mobile phone messages to help them reach their goals. They will integrate the digital services, build a network of community organizers, and launch a marketing strategy to test their approach in France for engaging young people who are interested in solving a specific UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG).

Measuring Change in the Decision-Making Role of Pastoral Women at the Household Level as a Result of their Financial and Social Empowerment

Kathleen ColsonThe BOMA Project, Inc.Manchester Center, Vermont, United States
Grand Challenges
Women and Girls
28 Oct 2015

Kathleen Colson of The BOMA Project, Inc. in Kenya will investigate, measure and document how participation in BOMA’s Rural Entrepreneur Access Project (REAP)—a holistic two-year program of sequenced interventions—translates to such gender-influenced outcomes as increased household financial decision-making by women, increased education opportunities for girls and increased food security and use of healthcare by the household. REAP is a high-impact poverty graduation program that addresses the geographic and socio-economic context of the arid and semi-arid lands of Africa, where the harsh effects of climate change and endemic extreme poverty persistently undermine the well-being of women and children. The project provides ultra-poor Kenyan women cash grants, business skills training, mentoring and the opportunity to set up their own business to help lift their families out of poverty. Giving women more power over household spending tends to lead to improved family health care and education. They will recruit 750 women living in extreme poverty in pastoral communities to their two-year poverty graduation program. Upon these women exiting REAP, they will analyze its impact on improving the education and social standing of women and girls, and the physical and financial wellbeing of their families.

Mechanisms of Intrauterine Group B Streptococcal Infections During Pregnancy

David AronoffUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Preventing Preterm Birth
1 Jan 2012

David Aronoff of the University of Michigan in the U.S., with an interdisciplinary team of experts in microbiology, immunology, reproductive biology, and vaccine development, will examine how infections of the female reproductive tract interact with and evade the immune system, resulting in infections of the uterus that cause preterm birth and stillbirth. This work will research potential targets for prevention of invasive infections of the female genital tract, including plans to investigate strains of group B Streptococcus (GBS) from low-income countries for vaccine and drug development. Funding partners: Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth (GAPPS) and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Meconium: A New Indicator of Noninvasively Evaluating the Accumulated Status of Neonatal Nutrition in the Intrauterine Environment

Xiangbo XuNational Research Institute for Family PlanningBeijing, China
Grand Challenges
All Children Thriving
22 Jun 2016

Metabonomic Biomarkers of Gut Function and Health: Modeling Enteropathy (EE) and Field Validation

Richard GuerrantUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Gut Function Biomarkers
1 Nov 2012

Richard Guerrant of the University of Virginia in the U.S. and co-­investigators will develop and validate non-­invasive metabolic biomarkers of gut health to identify children at risk of environmental enteropathy and developmental impairment, in order to assess interventions. They will use ongoing MAL­-ED (malnutrition and enteric diseases) and NIH­-supported clinical studies in malnourished and control children, and their own studies in novel murine models, along with a nuclear magnetic resonance approach to perform metabolic profiling of urine, plasma and feces samples. Their goal is to improve the growth, nutrition and development of children at high risk of environmental enteropathy that can lead to morbidity and mortality.

Microfluidic Immiscible Phase Barrier: Simplified Sample Preparation for Point-of-Care Diagnostics in the Developing World

David BeebeUniversity of WisconsinMadison, Wisconsin, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Point-of-Care Diagnostics
27 Jun 2011

David Beebe and researchers at the University of Wisconsin in the U.S. propose to develop a “universal” sample purification platform that readily adapts to various upstream collection components and utilizes an immiscible phase (e.g. oil, wax) barrier to produce a “clean” sample for output to downstream amplification and detection components.

Minimal Genomics Lab for AMR Surveillance and Diagnostics in Provincial Low-income Settings

Iruka OkekeUniversity of Ibadan, College of MedicineIbadan, Nigeria
Grand Challenges
Annual Meeting Call-to-Action
8 Mar 2019

Iruka Okeke of the University of Ibadan, College of Medicine in Nigeria and Kat Holt of Monash University in Australia will set-up a remote laboratory that uses nanopore sequencing as a low-cost, portable method to monitor the spread of antimicrobial resistance in rural areas of Africa and combine it with genome editing tools for more rapid diagnosis and improved treatment. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when pathogens are able to survive treatments that previously would have killed them. Infection persists in these patients and spreads to others in the community, increasing both the risk of serious complications and the economic costs. To combat AMR, it needs to be tracked locally and quickly enough to inform treatment. However, traditional tracking methods are slow, and difficult to use in rural settings because of limited resources. Nanopore sequencing technology is a highly portable method of sequencing DNA that is suitable for resource-poor settings. They will setup a prototype minimal bacterial genomics lab at a provincial hospital laboratory in Africa, and use nanopore sequencing to catalog pathogens collected from patients and monitor AMR. They will also combine the sequencing with a genome editing tool - CRISPR-Cas - to enrich for known resistant pathogens and enable much faster diagnosis directly from blood or stool samples. Once optimized in the initial location, the remote lab can be recreated in other areas of Africa.

Modified DNA Aptamer Affinity Reagents for Mtb Biomarker Validation

Dan FeldheimUniversity of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Tuberculosis Biomarkers
3 Nov 2011

Dan Feldheim of the University of Colorado at Boulder in the U.S. and collaborators Bruce Eaton of the University of Colorado and Delphi Chatterjee of Colorado State University propose to develop new modified DNA aptamer affinity reagents for detecting urine biomarkers of M. tuberculosis active disease. These reagents could form the basis of low­-cost, low­-power diagnostic sensors for use in resource-­limited settings.

Modifying Mosquito Population Age Structure to Eliminate Dengue Transmission

Scott Leslie O'NeillUniversity of QueenslandBrisbane, Queensland, Australia
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Biological Vector Control
1 Jul 2005

Scientists have long known that only relatively old mosquitoes can transmit the agents that cause certain diseases, including dengue fever and malaria. Dr. O'Neill and his multinational team are working on a plan to shorten the lifespan of mosquitoes that transmit the dengue virus, which infects up to 100 million people each year. They are introducing into populations of Aedes mosquitoes, strains of a naturally occurring bacterial symbiont, Wolbachia, that kill infected insects before they are old enough to transmit disease. Wolbachia are inherited though the eggs of the mosquitoes and so are passed on from generation to generation. O'Neill (Grand Challenges in Global Health: 2005-2015 retrospective)

Molecular Analysis and Modeling of HIV-1 Transmission, Containment and Escape

George ShawUniversity of AlabamaBirmingham, Alabama, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Protective Immunity
1 Jul 2005

Dr. Shaw is leading a consortium of investigators from clinical and laboratory research sites in Africa, the Caribbean, and the United States. They are conducting a comprehensive, integrated analysis of humoral and cellular responses to HIV-1 in people in early and acute stages of infection. Investigators are basing their work on the hypothesis that HIV-1 leads to chronic, persistent infection rather than a rapidly lethal disease because elements of the human immune system partially constrain viral replication over long periods. Ultimately, the project's goal is to contribute to the development of vaccines for HIV and AIDS through better understanding of natural immune response to the virus. Shaw (Grand Challenges in Global Health: 2005-2015 retrospective)

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