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Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

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Grand Challenges is a family of initiatives fostering innovation to solve key global health and development problems. Each initiative is an experiment in the use of challenges to focus innovation on making an impact. Individual challenges address some of the same problems, but from differing perspectives.

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Protein Capture Agents With 40 °C Shelf Life for Developing World Point-of-Care HIV-1 Diagnostics

James HeathCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadena, California, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Point-of-Care Diagnostics
6 Jun 2011

James Heath of the California Institute of Technology in the U.S. will work to develop protein catalyzed capture agents, which are synthetically-created peptides that may act as drop-in replacements for antibodies in diagnostic assays. These agents, designed to be stable up to 40°C for extended periods, aim to be as sensitive as antibodies, but due to their chemical structure, more easily transported, stored, and used in various diagnostic platforms in developing world settings.

Quantitative PCR Reconceived for Developing World Point-of-Care Diagnostics

Axel SchererCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadena, California, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Point-of-Care Diagnostics
6 Jun 2011

Axel Scherer of the California Institute of Technology in the U.S., along with collaborators at Dartmouth, will develop a prototype quantitative PCR (qPCR) amplification/detection component module that can rapidly detect a wide range of pathogens with low cost, low internal and outward complexity, low power consumption, a small size, and a rugged design.

Low-cost, High-sensitivity, Reconfigurable Optical Sensing Components for Point-of-Care Diagnostics

Rebecca Richards-KortumRice UniversityHouston, Texas, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Point-of-Care Diagnostics
7 Jun 2011

Rebecca Richards-­Kortum and Tomasz Tkaczyk of Rice University in the U.S. propose to develop a plug­-and-­sense read-out and signal transduction (ROST) component for point­-of-­care devices that will be palm­-sized, producible for under $10, and with new interrogation units can be rearranged within the universal fixture to accommodate new sample platforms.

Self-amplifying DNA Polymers for Point-of-Care Diagnosis Through a Portable CMOS Sensor

Dan LuoCornell UniversityIthaca, New York, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Point-of-Care Diagnostics
13 Jun 2011

Dan Luo of Cornell University in the U.S. proposes a “self­-amplifying-­DNA-­polymer” system in which monomers bind to specific pathogen biomarkers and then create polymer aggregates when exposed to light. This amplification step, to be used as a component for future diagnostic devices, is totally enzyme­-free and only occurs in the presence of specific pathogens.

Ambient Stable X-aptamer Affinity Agents

Ross DurlandAM Biotechnologies, LLCHouston, Texas, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Point-of-Care Diagnostics
15 Jun 2011

Ross Durland and colleagues at AM Biotechnologies, LLC in the U.S. propose to develop X-­aptamers for detecting and quantifying protein biomarkers for neglected diseases. X­-aptamers are modified nucleic acids that tightly bind to specific targets and remain stable at high temperature and humidity. AM Biotech will enhance its process for rapidly identifying X-­aptamers that will be integrated into a point­-of-­care platform for diagnosing many diseases.

Low-Resource Extraction and Processing of Biological Samples Using Surface Tension Valves

Rick HaseltonVanderbilt UniversityNashville, Tennessee, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Point-of-Care Diagnostics
16 Jun 2011

Rick Haselton, David Wright and Ray Mernaugh of Vanderbilt University in the U.S. propose to develop a sample processing technology that uses the surface tension between fluids as valves to separate, concentrate, and purify pathogen biomarkers. The proposed device aims to improve on existing biomarker extraction technologies in cost, simplicity, and speed.

A Universal One-Step Device to Safely and Painlessly Collect Blood

Donald ChickeringSeventh Sense BiosystemsCambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Point-of-Care Diagnostics
17 Jun 2011

Donald Chickering and a team at Seventh Sense Biosystems in the U.S. are developing its Touch Activated Phlebotomy (TAP) platform to enable one­-step blood collection in a safe, painless, and convenient manner. The device uses an integrated system of microneedles and vacuum capture of a blood sample for downstream analysis. TAP has the potential to expand access to diagnostic testing into underserved and hard-­to-­sample populations, while also improving safety and ease of collection.

A Disposable Sub-system for Nucleic Acid Sample Preparation Without Instrumentation or User Intervention

Robert CaryMesa Tech International, Inc.Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Point-of-Care Diagnostics
20 Jun 2011

Robert (Bruce) Cary of Mesa Tech International, Inc. in the U.S. proposes to develop nucleic acid purification systems that use a novel configuration of lateral flow materials to bind and wash nucleic acids to yield amplification-­ready samples. These devices could provide purified samples from clinical specimens within minutes without user intervention, instrumentation, electricity or costly materials.

Enzyme-Free DNA Circuits for Signal Amplification and Diagnostic Assays

Andrew EllingtonThe University of Texas at AustinAustin, Texas, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Point-of-Care Diagnostics
20 Jun 2011

Andrew Ellington of the University of Texas at Austin in the U.S. proposes to improve enzyme­-free DNA circuits by engineering circuit sensitivity and selectivity, ultimately creating multi­-layered circuits that greatly amplify signal inputs. These robust amplifiers could be modularly introduced into a variety of point­-of-­care diagnostics.

Integrated Microfluidic Universal Sample Preparation and Pre-concentration (USP) Module for Parallel Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases (HIV, TB and Malaria)

Luke LeeUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, California, United States
Grand Challenges in Global Health
Point-of-Care Diagnostics
27 Jun 2011

Luke Lee of the University of California, Berkeley in the U.S. proposes to develop a microfluidic sample preparation module using electrical and physical methods that will be compatible with different sample inputs and downstream analytical techniques to provide both plasma and cellular biomarkers for the parallel diagnoses of infectious diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria. The device will not require external reagents, will have low power consumption, and can be operated on­-site with minimal training.

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